Provos' systrace (2002) A system-call interposer with argument observation mechanism Knowledge domain directly at the syscall level TOCTOU problems with system calls taking pointers to pointers.. Not easy to use intelligently In 2003, I was saying we needed a way to classify system calls into "groups" We failed to use systrace in a mandatory fashion Only one success story: the OpenSSH pre-authentication sandbox (not a total loss, got us through 10 years..)